![]() read more due to valve leaflet sclerosis and rigidity but is often distinctly heard in mitral regurgitation due to myxomatous degeneration of the mitral apparatus or due to ventricular myocardial abnormality (eg, papillary muscle dysfunction, ventricular dilation). It may be soft or absent in mitral regurgitation Mitral Regurgitation Mitral regurgitation (MR) is incompetency of the mitral valve causing flow from the left ventricle (LV) into the left atrium during ventricular systole. S1 is loud in mitral stenosis Mitral Stenosis Mitral stenosis is narrowing of the mitral orifice that impedes blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. S1 occurs just after the beginning of systole and is predominantly due to mitral closure but may also include tricuspid closure components. ![]() Subsequent examination findings should be interpreted in the context of available imaging results (including echocardiogram and cardiac MRI) to diagnose and monitor valvular abnormalities. With such diagrams, findings from each examination could be compared. read more of the precordium was drawn in the patient’s chart each time the patient’s cardiovascular system was examined (see figure Diagram of physical findings Diagram of physical findings in a patient with aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation ). Historically, a diagram of the major auscultatory and palpatory findings Palpation Complete examination of all systems is essential to detect peripheral and systemic effects of cardiac disorders and evidence of noncardiac disorders that might affect the heart. Intensity, pitch, duration, and timing of the sounds and the intervals between them are analyzed, often providing an accurate diagnosis. The clinician focuses attention sequentially on each phase of the cardiac cycle, noting each heart sound and murmur.
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